Contact Lens History, Where Did They Come From?

While there are several people who thought of contact lenses, before they were ever made, there were also several people that improved and adjusted the lenses to the way that they are today. The contact lens history starts in the year 1508.

1. 1508
In the year 1508, Leonardo da Vinci first thought of lenses to help someone with bad vision to see better, without the use of eyeglasses. Although he was merely trying to figure out some kind of lens to improve one's eyesight, that lens turns out to be a contact lens.

2. 1636
By the year 1636, a man named Rene Descartes, took Leonardo da Vinci's idea and thought of the actual contact lens.

3. 1801
In the year 1801, Thomas Young actually took the idea of the contact lens, and made one to correct his own vision. While his lens that corrected his own vision must have been terribly uncomfortable at 1/4 inch in length, and heavy to say the least as it was a glass tube that was filled with water.

4. 1827
By the year 1827, Sir John Herschel, started to work filing down the lens so that it would fit comfortably on top of the eye.

5. 1887
Adolf Eugen Fick Announced that he was able to correct vision by using contact lenses in the year 1887. He then proceeded to make the contact lenses so that they would fit people.

6. 1889
In the year of 1889, Augusta Muller made improvements to the contact lens, so that they could be used by someone who was nearsighted.

7. 1948
The American Optometry Association finally recognized that contact lenses were being requested more and more by people needing some type of vision correction. The year 1948 is when the American Optometry Association allowed the contact lens fitting to be a normal part of an optometry visit.

8. 1950
An optometrist in Oregon, Dr. Butterfield designed a contact lens that would fit on top of the eyes cornea, and would form to the shape of the eye, rather than lay flat, in 1950.

9. 1960
By the year 1960, the first plastic contact lenses were made by Otto Wichterle and Drahoslav Lim.

10. 1971
In the year 1971, the soft contact lenses were made available for purchase in the United States of America.

11. 1981
By the year 1981, the soft contact lens was available for purchase with a tint of color. However, this tint of color that was on the contact lens at this time did not change the color of the eyes, but made it easier to find your contact lenses in the even that they were dropped.

12. 1982
In the year 1982, contact lenses were made for extended wear. This meant that contact lenses could now be worn for a couple of days at a time before removing them.

13. 1987
In 1987, quite a bit of contact lenses history was made. In this year, the first disposable contact lenses were available for purchase, as well as the first colored contact that would change the color of your eye.

14. 1992
By the year 1992, disposable tinted contact lenses were available to be purchased from optometrist offices everywhere.

15. 1996
1996 marked the year that the first contact lenses were available that would absorb the harmful UV rays of the sun.

While contact lens history is still being made today, they really have come along ways. Knowing that you do not have to go through the pain of the first contact lenses that were produced back in 1801, is great. Today contact lenses can be placed onto your eye, and they are hardly noticeable.

About The Author:

Penni has done extensive research on vision care including the development of the latest contact lenses as well as vision correction procedures. Visit http://www.thevisioncare.com to learn more about different topics such as discounted contact lens.

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How to Present Volunteer Information On Your CV

Like many job candidates, you may be questioning whether to include volunteer experience on your CV because it is unpaid work. If you are, the answer is: absolutely. Volunteering IS work and you should take credit for all of your life accomplishments. Just because you were not paid does not mean you should dismiss or underestimate the significance of your volunteer experience as unrelated or irrelevant to your job search. Volunteer projects and programs teach life skills, and can be just as helpful in getting a job as paid experience. In addition, by listing volunteer activities on your CV, employers will get a glimpse of your values and appreciate the fact that you are well-rounded and active in your community.

Volunteer experience would be particularly useful if you're applying for a position in the public sector, or if as part of the position you're applying to, you're expected to interact with the local community.

The main question is where to list your volunteer experience on your CV, and the technique you use depends on how relevant your volunteer experience is to the role that you are applying for.

If the work is not relevant to your targeted role, create a special section of your CV titled "VOLUNTEER WORK." If you are adopting this method, don't simply list your experience as "volunteer." Offer specific information about the role you performed. If the volunteer role was a full-time position, state that on the CV, because there is a popular assumption is that volunteer work is generally short-lived or part-time work. You should also include the name of the organization along with the city or town, the job title (if appropriate) and dates.

For example:

VOLUNTEER WORK

EVENTS CO-ORDINATOR, July 2003
Red Cross, Canary Wharf, London

"Coordinated 35 volunteers to organize and promote a blood drive which collected 80 pints of blood over a two day event."�" This tells a potential employer what you did and how successful you were at it.

If the volunteer work is directly relevant to the targeted role, your CV should be specifically targeted to the role and you should integrate any career-related volunteer accomplishments in the work experience section of the CV. Use the same format that you used for other employment sections, and wherever possible, use similar verbiage to the target job. For example, when applying for a job as a sales manager, a fundraising team leader could cite his or her volunteer experience to "plan a fundraising event that drew 2,500 attendees and raised £10,000" as evidence of ability to organize, motivate and lead. You can also highlight these special skills in the professional summary section of your CV. For example: "Excellent organizational and project coordination skills."

Your cover letter can also be used to highlight the value of your volunteer experience. For example, you could state that: "As a volunteer, I learned the subtleties of persuading people to contribute time and money to worthy causes." This can effectively demonstrate your persuasive and communication skills to a potential employer.

Finally, when describing your volunteer experience, think of job titles and headings that would be more appropriate for the career you're seeking. Never use the word ‘volunteer' when there is a specific job title you could use. For example, if you accomplished secretarial or administrative tasks, state that you worked as an "administrative assistant", rather than a "volunteer".


GoodSolutionsRus.com offers career advice to help aspiring individuals develop a successful career. For more career related articles visit our site http://www.goodsolutionsrus.com

How to Unlock the Subconscious Mind and Access Your Full Potential

The inner mind resides in all of us and we often go through life not knowing that it is even there. The shocking thing is that all of us go through the existence that we have been given on this earth only using a percentage of our potential. Now, previously in history, this cannot be helped, the majority of the world did not know that they could achieve states of super mind power by unlocking the subconscious mind. Those who did inadvertently stumble across this power did not know what they were doing. They related their experience as more of divine intervention, using archaic words and even more antiquated explanations.

These people were revered and were said to be gods among men. They were kings, priests, advisors to the greats - luminaries that stood out in history. While not all of us are borne with super abilities or with the tools to unlock them, things have changed over the past few years and science and technology has allowed even the average man or woman on the street to achieve the same potential as the greats. How does this work? Well it is all down to the subconscious mind. How our brain works is that we go through life with the conscious mind at the forefront.

It is the shield against our relatively vulnerable mind and senses. It filters information through defences like critical thinking, rationale, thought processes, morality and decision making. The subconscious mind is incapable of doing all these simply because it simply follows and instructs the rest of the mind to carry out the functions of the human body, reactions, and physiological functions as dictated by our rational thought processes. For example if we see someone getting murdered, or an act of robbery being committed in front of us by someone us, we feel fear, sometimes we decide to go in out of a feeling of righteousness and justice, or we just stand back.

How we act is based on how we were brought up and the moral consciousness that resides within us. Our rationale mind will tell us that the situation is dangerous and we should not rush in. We feel fear, nervousness, anxiety and sometimes have no idea what to do. The conscious mind is telling the subconscious that these are what you must feel. And voila, the subconscious; based on what it knows tells the cortex of the brain to evoke the chemical reactions to pump in adrenalin into our body, make us feel fear and even make us sweat. What if we were raised in a life of crime or were a hardened criminal? Our reactions would be totally different.

Do you see how powerful the subconscious is? The only way that we can unlock the true potential of the power of our mind is if we can reach out under the awareness and dip our fingers into the subconscious. Addictions will disappear and fears will vanish - all because the subconscious has been given a new set of instructions. This is how we unlock the subconscious mind and access your full potential.

Click Here to get your Free "Success Accelerator" Brainwave Cd today! Unleash your Mind Power potential to attain the lifestyle that you want. Visit http://www.MindMaximus.com and claim your Free Cd today!

History of Chicago Style Pizza

The Chicago-style "deep-dish" pizza that many people love was invented at Pizzeria Uno, in Chicago, in 1943, reportedly by Uno's founder Ike Sewell, a former University of Texas football star. However, a 1956 article from the Chicago Daily News asserts that Uno's original pizza chef Rudy Malnati developed the famous recipe.

The pizza's foundation is simple. It uses a thick layer of dough (made with olive oil and cornmeal) that is formed to a deep round pan and pulled up the sides. The pizza crust is then parbaked before the toppings are added to give it greater spring.

Parbaking is a cooking technique in which a bread or dough product is partially baked and then rapidly frozen or cooled. The raw dough is baked as if normal, but halted at about 80% of the normal cooking time, when it is rapidly cooled and frozen. The partial cooking kills the yeast in the bread mixture, and sets the internal structure of the proteins and starches (the spongy texture of the bread), so that it is now essentially cooked inside, but not so far as to have generated "crust" or other externally desirable qualities that are difficult to preserve once fully cooked.

The crust is then covered with cheese (generally sliced mozzarella) and covered with meats and/or vegetables such as Italian sausage, onions, and bell peppers. A sauce consisting of crushed or pureed tomatoes is then added. Usually this is topped with a grated cheese blend to add additional flavor. On the usual pizza, about a pound of cheese is added. Because of the amount of ingredients in this style of pizza, it is usually eaten with a knife and fork. It's quite messy to eat with your fingers.

In addition to Uno, additional famous deep-dish restaurants include Uno's companion restaurant Due, which was opened just down the block by Sewell in 1955. However, a year before, in 1954, The Original Gino's Pizza, located on Rush Street, opened its doors, and 12 years later in 1966, Gino's East opened. Other deep dish restaurants include Edwardo's, Connie's, Giordano's, Carmen's, Pizano's (which is owned by Rudy Malnati's son, Rudy Jr.), and Lou Malnati's (which was begun by another of Rudy Malnati's sons and is now run by his grandsons and has 26 Chicago area locations).

Chicago deep-dish pizza is famous throughout the world. Accordingly, many Chicago deep-dish pizza restaurants will ship their pizzas, partially baked, within the continental U.S.

In the mid-1970s, two Chicago chains, Nancy's, founded by Rocco Palese, and Giordano's began experimenting with deep dish pizza and created the stuffed pizza. Palese based his creation on his mother's recipe for scarciedda, an Italian Easter pie from his hometown of Potenza. A Chicago Magazine article featuring Giordano's stuffed pizza popularized the dish. Other pizzerias that make stuffed pizzas include Bacino's, Edwardo's and Carmen's. Most also make thin crust pizzas.



Stuffed pizzas are often even taller than deep-dish pizzas, but otherwise, it can be hard to see the difference until you cut into it. A stuffed pizza generally has much higher topping density than any other type of pizza. As with deep-dish pizza, a thin layer of dough forms a bowl in a high-sided pan and the toppings and cheese are added. Then, an additional layer of dough goes on top and is pressed to the sides of the bottom crust.

At this stage of the process, the thin dough top has a rounded, domed appearance. Pizza makers often puncture a small hole in the top of the "pizza lid" to allow air and steam to escape while cooking. This allows the pizza sauce to permeate through the pie. Pizza sauce is added to the top crust layer and the pizza is then baked.

Chicago pan pizza in Chicago is similar to the traditional deep-dish style pizza served in other areas of the country, and baked in a similar deep-sided pan, but its crust is quite thick -- a cross between the buttery crisp crust and focaccia. Toppings and cheese frequently go on the top of a pan pizza, rather than under the sauce as is traditionally the case with deep-dish and stuffed pizza. The placement of the cheese and toppings on top make the pan pizza variety similar to a thin-crust pizza with a thicker and larger crust.

In addition to Chicago-style deep-dish pizza, there is also a thin-crust pizza unique to Chicago, sometimes referred to as "flat pizza". The crust is thin and firm, usually with a crunchy texture, unlike a New York-style pizza, yet thick enough to be soft and doughy on the top.

The crust is topped with a liberal quantity of Italian style tomato sauce. This type of sauce is usually seasoned with herbs or and highly spiced. Typically there are no visible chunks of tomato in the crust. A layer of toppings is added, and finally a layer of mozzarella cheese.

Chicago style pizza has a rich and famous heritage and admirers from all over the world. If you're a pizza lover and you've never tried this type of pizza, be sure to give it a try, I'm absolutely convinced that you will love it!

William Lockhart is Founder of HomePizzaChef. He is also a self-proclaimed homemade pizza lover. HomePizzaChef delivers pizza recipes to subscribers email inbox. The slogan on the web site reads, "They'll Get Down On Their Knees And Beg You To Make Another". Visit William at HomePizzaChef.com or at HomePizzaChef Blog

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A Secured Loan Can Help Help Your Credit History

If you need some help with your finances, selecting a loan secured on your property should be beneficial for your purposes. Some people do apply for the secured loan for the sole reason of improving their credit rating. There are usually no restrictions on how the loan is used and this is a viable option to pursue if you are in need of credit repair. You can possibly improve your credit rating by simply making the payments on time and repaying the loan with no problems.

An personal loan is much harder to obtain than a secured loan is. You will most likely not be able to obtain an unsecured loan if you have bad credit or a poor credit history. Unsecured loans are granted solely on your present credit score while the home owner loans require some sort of collateral to assure the lender of payment. When personal property such as cars, houses, boats, or other high dollar items are used to secure a loan, the borrower has more at risk to lose if the loan falls into default.

You are doing yourself a great favor when you pay off your secured loan without any problems; you will possibly be regaining not only a more favorable credit rating but also more personal faith in your abilities to handle your finances. This should be enough incentive to do your best to repay in a timely manner and retrieve your property from risk of loss. When you live up to the promises involved with a secured loan the lender will be more likely to want your repeat business.

Most loan professionals will take your employment status and your total income into consideration but your credit rating may still be the major factor which determines your loan approval. When the interest rate on the loan is established, the main point of consideration is the credit rating. A higher rate of interest is charged when you have a poor credit history.

The services of a loan specialist broker may be of assistance when you want to obtain a credit repair secured loan. The loan specialist will help you examine each part of a possible selection of loan quotes and assist you in choosing the one that will suit your circumstances best. The internet has many online loan specialists who can assist you in your search for the right secured loan quote. You will hopefully find the one who offers the best and least expensive option for the borrower.

There may be other loan specialist brokers in your local vicinity and you may want to call on them in person. A more direct confrontation could be what you prefer when you are trying to borrow money.

Using a loan of any type to help repair your credit rating may seem a little odd, because you are actually borrowing more money to cover your mishandling of past finances. To leave a bad credit history behind you, a secured loan could be a good first step toward your goal.

Alisdair is the developer of Loan Empire, offering online loans for UK citizens, the loan empire site can also offer great deals on personal unsecured loans. Visit today for a free loan quote.

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ARGININE AND NITRIC OXIDE can create Cardiac Health

In the book entitled, "The Arginine Solution," doctors Robert Fried, Ph.D. and Woodson Merrell, M.D. stated the following:

"In the field of medicine and health it is one of the revolutions of our time: The discovery that the amino acid arginine may be a ‘magic bullet' for the cardiovascular system. Now, as the evidence mounts, including research that won the Nobel Prize in Medicine, more and more scientists and doctors see the extraordinary health benefits of increasing arginine intake. A virtual arterial cleanser, arginine helps eliminate blockage and maintain blood flow."

Dr. Jonathan S. Stamler professor of medicine at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina was quoted (about arginine derived Nitric Oxide ADNO) in The New York Times in 1996 as saying:

"It does everything, everywhere. You cannot name a major cellular response or physiological effect in which (ADNO) is not implicated today. It's involved in complex behavioral changes in the brain, airway relaxation, beating of the heart, dilation of blood vessels, regulation of intestinal movement, function of blood cells, the immune system, even how digits and arms move."

Over 75,000 medically published clinical tests dating back over 30 years have proven that arginine converts to nitric oxide in our blood vessels and increased nitric oxide will help:

Lower Blood Pressure - Lancet 1990

Lower Cholesterol - J Nutr 1996

Improve Diabetes - Diabetes Care 2001

Improve Sexual Function - BJU Int 1999

Reduce Blood Clots & Strokes - Circulation 2001

Improve Heart Failure - J Am Coll Cardiol 2000

Improve Wound Healing - Surgery

Improve Kidney Function - Kidney Intl 1999

Improve Memory - J Physiol Pharmacol 1999

Increase Muscle Growth & Performance - Med Sci Sports Excer 2000

There are four fantastic resource books that have been written concerning arginine and nitric oxide. They answered all of my questions about these powerful substances. These books document how the natural amino acid ingredient arginine, and nitric oxide which is created by the endothelium (smooth muscles lining the inside of blood vessels) from arginine are an answer to most folk's prayers. They are proven by these books to be a natural preventative and cure for heart attack and stroke.

Arginine is the body's key source of nitrogen. After reviewing the evidence, my position is that I believe along with the authors of the four resource books, that arginine is essential for many individuals, especially as they age. While young, our cardiovascular and other bodily systems have not yet suffered the damage that often comes with aging. It is in our latter years, when the cardiovascular system's need for ADNO becomes greater than ever, because our health has been compromised by years of heart un-healthy habits or genetics.

If you already suffer from atherosclerosis, hypertension, and the cavalcade of other chronic disorders - I believe based on my research, that supplementing your body with 5 grams per day of liquid arginine is critical to your long-term health. L-arginine is reasonably priced and available in many health food stores in capsule, powder and tablet form. In order to get the adequate supplementation to your diet it is easier and less expensive to use the liquid which has a 90% assimilation in a quality liquid form.

I have found and use a high quality liquid of L-arginine and am very pleased with the results. It is truly an amazing medical discovery.

Since the only major side effect for the vast majority of people is increased very firm erections in men and increase blood flow to the clitoris in women. It is recommended that one ingests 5 to 6 grams of liquid arginine once or twice daily, which will work miracles. Indeed some researchers are already saying that the discovery of ADNO --- and the Arginine Solution it has spawned --- is likely to become one of the most significant findings for health and wellness in the twenty - first century.




There is very little one can do (except preventative action) to predict sudden cardiac arrest which takes more than 310,000 Americans every year. That is more than breast cancer, lung cancer, stroke and AIDS. Russert's death is a wake-up call to thousands of men and women who never thought they might be courting a coronary.



Forty-two percent of all deaths in the United States are directly related to circulatory disorders.

Some figures are related below:

Heart Disease kills 361,276 men & 371,133 women

Cancer including lung kills 280,465 men and 253,845 women

Strokes kill 60,225 men & 93,081 women

Diabetes + Atherosclerosis make these the number one killer today!

The circulatory system is vulnerable based on many factors including the genetic factor, which is how I became interested (inherited heart issues from my parents). I haven't smoked, was not eating high fat foods, I have exercised regularly and do not live a stressful life. Yet, I found myself in the hospital with chest pains and a heart attack.

There are four fantastic resource books that have been written. They should answer all of your questions about arginine and nitric oxide. These books document how the natural amino acid ingredient arginine, and nitric oxide which is created by the endothelium (smooth muscles lining the inside of blood vessels) from arginine are an answer to most folk's prayers. They are proven by these books to be a natural preventative and cure for heart attack and stroke. Make sure you visit the resources page on my website. I created it with information on these four excellent resources.
See my story on my web site, also. It was very fortunate I was in the hospital, for 30% of heart attacks the very first warning is instant death. The U. S. healthcare system is dominated by expensive technologies to treat patients after they suffer a heart attack. Very little is done to prevent heart attacks.

Arginine is the body's key source of nitrogen. After reviewing the evidence, my position is that I believe along with the authors of the four resource books, that arginine is essential for many individuals, especially as they age. While young, our cardiovascular and other bodily systems have not yet suffered the damage that often comes with aging. It is in our latter years, when the cardiovascular system's need for ADNO becomes greater than ever, because our health has been compromised by years of heart un-healthy habits or genetics.

If you already suffer from atherosclerosis, hypertension, and the cavalcade of other chronic disorders - I believe based on my research, that supplementing your body with 5 grams per day of liquid arginine is critical to your long-term health. L-arginine is reasonably priced and available in many health food stores in capsule, powder and tablet form. In order to get the adequate supplementation to your diet it is easier and less expensive to use the liquid which has a 90% assimilation in a quality liquid form.

I have found and use a high quality liquid of L-arginine and am very pleased with the results. Go to my website to view a link with an informative movie and order it, if this information has stimulated you to do something about your health.

I want to share my experiences with you for education and inspiration. I will happily provide information for any basic questions you might have. I am not a doctor nor do I practice medicine, but would happily share results of my personal use of arginine and pass along information of my research. For on going information, subscribe to my FREE newsletter on the website.



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History of the Hawaiian Hula Dance

The Hula dance is associated with Hawaii and luaus and while everyone knows what the hula is very few people are actually knowledgeable of its origin, not even the Hawaiians. According to Hawaiian history there is no information available as to who performed the first hula dance or why, however it is a common agreement that the original hula dance was performed by a god or goddess, making the dance sacred to Hawaiians. And this dance is sacred to men and women in Hawaii because the hula was danced by both sexes despite some information stating only men danced the hula. This information is incorrect and actually men and women both were involved in the sacred hula dance.

There are many types of Polynesian dances; however the hula is one of a kind and completely different than other dances in this area of the world. The origination of the hula was used for rituals and ceremonies, however this changed over time and eventually the hula was a dance used strictly for entertainment.

When dancing the hula individuals truly must become one with the dance and the actions, objects, or images they are imitating in their hula dance. The hula is a very meaningful dance and every movement of the body represents something. In addition to this, the hands are very important in the hula dance as well. When the individual is dancing the hula they may be imitating a palm tree, war, plants, and even animals. Because of this when the individual is dancing they are transforming themselves mentally into the object they are portraying through dance. Basically, the hula dancer is telling a story through the movements of the body and hands and as a result it is very important to watch. Chants also accompany the hula dance and while they used to be the most important part of the dance to portray what was happening they are no longer so and the movements are most important. You will notice the difference if you see a portrayal of old style hula dancing compared to new style hula dancing. While both are still hula dancing and fun to watch, the first is more ritualistic and the second more entertaining.

The hula dancers wear a costume in order to perform the hula dance. This consists of leis made of flowers around the neck or even the shoulders. A grass skirt is also used and is made of tapa and known as a pau. The dancers also wear anklets made of whale bone or even dog teeth. The whole ensemble makes up the vision of the hula dancer the whole world is aware of.

In the past, when hula was danced as a religious ritual rather than simply for entertainment the rules regarding the hula dance were very strict and individuals involved in hula dancing school were required to follow them while they were learning how to dance. Generally, students were required to follow all rules and behave properly while obeying their hula teacher in all requests. Some of the rules stated that hula students could not cut their fingernails or even their hair. Other rules stated hula students could not engage in sex nor could they eat certain foods that were forbidden. As a result, the life of the hula dancer in hula school was very strict, yet all of the rules were for a purpose that believed the students would learn to dance the hula better if they did not engage in the forbidden activities.



Today there are two types of hula, hula kahiko and hula auana. Hula hahiko is the old style that was described above and generally includes percussion, chanting, and the traditional costumes. Hula kahiko is traditional and ritualistic and the chanting tells the story more than the dance moves. However, for the more entertaining hula auna there is music, guitars, entertaining costumes to enhance the dance, ukuleles and even songs. This type of hula uses body movements and the hands to really tell the story because it is easier for tourists to understand.

While the hula dance has been around for thousands of years and always been popular it almost disappeared in the 1800s when missionaries arrived in Hawaii. The missionaries believed that hula dancing was devilish and against God and tried to convince the dancers of their wrongdoing by dancing the hula. However, King Kalakaua did not want the traditional dance of the islands to disappear simply because the missionaries did not understand what the hula was all about in the first place so he took action.

As a result, King Kalakaua developed his own group of hula dancers and encouraged them to learn the hula dance, the old style hula, and fortunately the hula did not disappear and still remains a very important dance of the islands and even today there are hundreds of hula schools on all the Hawaiian islands that teach the hula dance, old style, to the students. Even today many of the hula schools have strict rules like the old hula schools implemented.

There are even hula schools and groups that teach old style hula dancing to people on the mainland so while hula remains an important part of Hawaiian culture the culture is spreading and many people show an interest in learning how to hula dance.

When you visit Hawaii, no matter what island you visit, you will certainly see plenty of hula dancing from old style to the newer and more entertaining hula and regardless which one you like the most you should definitely attend festivals or dances that exhibit both styles so you can see the performing arts of the island and learn about the culture, history and the people of Hawaii. You never know, you may learn a few hula moves yourself.


Bill McKenzie is reservation manager for Wailua Bay View, oceanfront Kauai Vacation Rentals. He has personally researched and experienced many of the Hawaiian activities and destinations as described above.

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